About this app
A simplified schematic for learning. Paired organs are drawn on one side only, and fewer thin tubes and nerves are drawn. Sizes and positions are approximate.
Times are research values for the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) raised at 26 °C (the day of pupation is day 0, and the adult emerges on the night of day 18; 18–20 days depending on the lab and strain). Where no dated record was found (such as the days the eyes and wings get their color), the values are rough guides, marked “estimate” in the descriptions. The hormone graph traces the shape of the measured levels as a rough guide.
“Cut open” shows what the eye would see if the animal were cut lengthwise, drawn from observation records (shapes are schematic, textures are for show).
Labels: confirmed confirmed by research estimate no dated record, or carried over from other insects for show drawn to make things easier to see
Main sources
- Truman and Riddiford (1999), Nature: hormones of complete metamorphosis, and the theory of where larvae came from
- Jindra, Palli and Riddiford (2013), Annual Review of Entomology: the switch genes Kr-h1, broad and E93
- Bollenbacher et al. (1981): changes in ecdysone levels in the tobacco hornworm
- Fain and Riddiford (1975), Biological Bulletin: juvenile hormone levels
- Tolbert, Matsumoto and Hildebrand (1983), J Neurosci: dividing the 18 days of adult development into daily stages
- Rowland and Goodman (2016), PLOS ONE: MRI of the gut and air sacs of the tobacco hornworm
- Zakeri et al. (1996): cell death in the labial glands
- Weeks and Ernst-Utzschneider (1989), J Neurobiol: remodeling of the nerves that move the prolegs
- Kent and Levine (1988), J Comp Neurol: the nerves that move the legs survive into the adult
- Champlin and Truman (1998), Development: eye development and ecdysone
- Schwartz and Truman (1982), Science: muscles between abdominal segments die after emergence
- Hegstrom, Riddiford and Truman (1998), J Neurosci: remodeling of larval muscles and the flight muscles
- Cho and Nijhout (2013), Arthropod Structure & Development: polyploidy of scale-making cells (from pupal day 3)
- Reynolds (1977), J Exp Biol: how the wing skin becomes stretchy after emergence
- Blackiston, Silva Casey and Weiss (2008), PLOS ONE: what larvae learn is retained by the adult
Fonts: Zen Maru Gothic, Zen Kaku Gothic New and IBM Plex Mono (SIL Open Font License).
このアプリについて
学習用に簡単にした模式図です。左右一対の器官は片側だけ、細い管や神経は少なめに描いています。大きさと位置はおおよそです。
時間はタバコスズメガ（Manduca sexta）を 26℃で育てたときの研究の値（蛹になった日を0日、成虫が出るのは18日目の夜。研究室や系統によって18〜20日）。日付の記録が見つからないもの（目や翅が色づく日など）は目安で、説明に「推定」と書いています。ホルモンのグラフは測った量の形をなぞった目安です。
「割って見る」は、縦に割ったとき人の目にどう見えるかを、観察の記録をもとに描いたものです（形は模式図、質感は演出）。
説明の札: 確か 研究で確かめられている 推定 日付の記録がない・ほかの虫からのあてはめ 演出 見やすくするための描き方
おもな出どころ
- Truman と Riddiford（1999）Nature: 完全変態のホルモンと、幼虫の起源の説
- Jindra・Palli・Riddiford（2013）Annual Review of Entomology: スイッチの遺伝子 Kr-h1・broad・E93
- Bollenbacher ほか（1981）: タバコスズメガのエクジソンの量の移り変わり
- Fain と Riddiford（1975）Biological Bulletin: 幼若ホルモンの量
- Tolbert・Matsumoto・Hildebrand（1983）J Neurosci: 成虫になる18日を1日ずつの段階に分ける
- Rowland と Goodman（2016）PLOS ONE: タバコスズメガの消化管と気嚢の MRI
- Zakeri ほか（1996）: 唇腺の細胞死
- Weeks と Ernst-Utzschneider（1989）J Neurobiol: 腹脚を動かす神経の作りかえ
- Kent と Levine（1988）J Comp Neurol: 脚を動かす神経が成虫まで残る
- Champlin と Truman（1998）Development: 目の発生とエクジソン
- Schwartz と Truman（1982）Science: 腹の節の間の筋肉が羽化のあとに死ぬ
- Hegstrom・Riddiford・Truman（1998）J Neurosci: 幼虫の筋肉の作りかえと飛ぶ筋肉
- Cho と Nijhout（2013）Arthropod Structure & Development: 鱗粉を作る細胞の倍数化（蛹の3日目から）
- Reynolds（1977）J Exp Biol: 羽化のあと翅の皮がのびやすくなるしくみ
- Blackiston・Silva Casey・Weiss（2008）PLOS ONE: 幼虫で覚えたことが成虫に残る
使っているもの: 文字に Zen Maru Gothic・Zen Kaku Gothic New・IBM Plex Mono（SIL Open Font License）。